Restrict access by the most polluting vehicles to a specific area within a city at all times. Often LEZs are implemented as a measure to address harmful air pollution from road vehicles, in particular where and when EU air quality standards are breached.

Congestion charging schemes monetise access to a certain zone of a city, which gives a price incentive for drivers to switch to other modes of transport or travel times. They levy a toll or charge on certain roads, which (without the charge) are often congested – most often in city centres

Limited traffic zones allow cities to regulate access by methods other than payment or differentiating vehicles by emissions categories, such as Euro standards. It is an area where cars are controlled through special permits, usually in order to protect historic centres, the road infrastructure or to increase road safety.

Pedestrian zones are reserved areas of a city or town for pedestrians (sometimes covering also other active modes of transport, such as cycling), with a ban on most or all automobile traffic, often with exemptions for deliveries and other specific needs.

Parking is defined as  “stopping or standing of a vehicle whether occupied or not”. It is the standing of a vehicle otherwise than temporarily for the purpose of and while actually engaged in loading or unloading merchandise or passengers.